When we think about our own cultural values, it's easy to assume they apply everywhere, to everyone. Universalism explores this idea—how societies set and follow rules and values. However, this perspective can be misleading, especially when contrasted with the concept of particularism. In the Cultural Impact Scan, the "Particularism vs. Universalism" continuum reveals essential differences in how cultures approach rules and norms.
Understanding the Continuum: Particularism vs. Universalism
Particularism-oriented cultures emphasise flexibility and context in applying rules. In these societies, relationships, circumstances, and exceptions are prioritised over rigid adherence to laws or norms. Conversely, universalism-oriented cultures advocate for a consistent application of rules, regardless of the situation, believing in a common understanding of universal values. These two perspectives offer insights into the varying ways individuals and societies engage with rules, fairness, and equity.
In her article “Defying the Myth of Universalism,” KellyAnn Tsai explores how universalism, while appealing in theory, faces challenges when applied rigidly in practice. Tsai refers to France’s historical commitment to universalism, an idea born out of the Enlightenment and championed during the French Republic's founding in 1789. This concept suggests that all citizens, regardless of their race, religion, or background, are treated equally under the law.
In a 2020 interview with The New York Times, French President Emmanuel Macron reinforced this stance, saying: “Our model is universalist, not multiculturalist [...] In our society, I don’t care whether someone is Black, yellow or white, whether they are Catholic or Muslim, a person is first and foremost a citizen.”
Challenging the Myth of Universalism
While France's commitment to universalism is deeply rooted, it has increasingly faced criticism, particularly from scholars like Mame-Fatou Niang, associate professor of French and Francophone studies at Carnegie Mellon University. Niang argues that France's version of universalism is flawed, as it overlooks the country’s complex history of colonialism, racism, and social inequalities. “You grow up in this myth — and it's an amazing myth — that everybody is equal,” Niang points out, highlighting the gap between the ideal and reality.
Niang's work questions why France continues to adhere to a notion of universalism that fails to reflect its diverse population and evolving social dynamics. "2022 France is not 1789 France. Why do we have to live with rules that, even at the time, didn't make sense?” she asks. Through her research, Niang advocates for a reimagining of universalism that acknowledges and incorporates the varied identities and experiences of modern French citizens.
Reinventing Universalism for the 21st Century
The debate around universalism versus particularism is not confined to France alone. Across the globe, societies grapple with how to apply rules fairly while acknowledging cultural differences. In universalism-oriented cultures, the desire for consistency often leads to a belief in a one-size-fits-all approach. However, this can create blind spots, ignoring how cultural, historical, and social contexts shape people’s lived experiences.
As Niang argues, “It’s really a personal experience that got me studying this gap between the ideals we have of everybody being equal, and the reality.” Her work underscores the importance of viewing universalism not as a static, inflexible truth but as a concept that evolves to reflect the diversity and complexity of contemporary society.
At Cultural Impact, we recognize the need to balance universal principles with cultural particularities. Understanding the nuances of how different societies apply rules and values helps create more empathetic and inclusive approaches to cultural exchange. By engaging with the Particularism vs. Universalism continuum, we challenge the assumptions we hold about our cultural norms and open the door to more meaningful intercultural dialogue.
Universalism remains an ideal worth striving for, but it must be constantly reexamined and adapted to the realities of today’s diverse world, including the evolving dynamics of corporate environments and modern work life. For our clients, reconciling global corporate culture with local cultural contexts is crucial. Our programs are designed to navigate this complexity, helping organisations maintain a cohesive corporate identity while respecting and integrating local cultures. As corporations grow more globalised and workplaces become increasingly diverse, it is essential to embrace this complexity to foster inclusive cultures that value all employees. Only by doing so can we build societies and organisations that are both just and inclusive, ensuring equitable opportunities and fair treatment for all.
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